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Units of Measurement: History, Fundamentals and Redefining the Si Base Units

為了解決Kelvin temperature的問題，作者Gupta, S. V. 這樣論述：

It is for the first time that the subject of quantities and their respective units is dealt this much in detail, a glimpse of units of measurements of base quantities of length, time, mass and volume is given for ancient India, three and four dimensional systems of measurement units are criticall

y examined, establishment of the fact that only four base units are needed to describe a system of units, the basics to arrive at the unit of a derived quantity are explained, basic, derived and dimensionless quantities including quantity calculus are introduced, life history of scientists concerned

with measurements units are presented to be inspiring to working metrologists and students. The International System of Units including, Metre Convention Treaty and its various organs including International National of Weights and Measure are described. The realisation of base units is given in de

tail. Classes of derived units within the SI, units permitted for time to come, units outside SI but used in special fields of measurements are described. Methods to express large numbers are explained in detail. Multiples and sub-multiples prefixes and their proper use are also given. The latest tr

ends to redefine the base Kilogram, Ampere, Kelvin and Mole on existing base units of mass, electric current, temperature and amount of substance, in terms of a single parameter or fundamental constants are briefly described.

Kelvin temperature進入發燒排行的影片

應用田口法優化MoS2/rGO/SS316L 電極之特性探討

為了解決Kelvin temperature的問題，作者施淳翔 這樣論述：

二硫化鉬(Molybdenum Disulfide, MoS2)為二維奈米層狀材料，具備良好之電催化性能及耐蝕穩定性，惟其二維結構及層間作用力使其易產生團聚現象，導致活性反應點位降低並抑制電催化活性反應。還原氧化石墨烯(Reduced Graphene Oxide, rGO)具高電子遷移率，且偕同二硫化鉬可提供良好分散作用，有效抑制二硫化鉬之團聚現象產生，冀能進一步優化SS316L電極之電催化及電導性能。高級氧化處理透過電化學機制建構汙廢水處理技術其兼具自保持之機能，於電-芬頓系統中，陰極電極佔有相當重要地位。本研究以電泳沉積法於SS316L電極表面製備氧化石墨烯(Graphene Oxid

e, GO)，後續以脫氧處理完成rGO之製備，再以電沉積法複合二硫化鉬塗層；實驗過程以田口方法進行製程參數調整，期望提升電極電催化性及抗腐蝕性能，進一步提升電-芬頓系統之Rh B染劑降解效能。結果顯示，相較SS316L電極，以電泳沉積電壓 45 V、GO 還原溫度 450 ℃ 及電沉積時間 600 s所製備之MoS2/rGO/SS316L複合電極其電催化性能、電導率及抗腐蝕能性可獲得顯著提升，該電極具最低腐蝕電流0.019 μA/cm2，電極具最低片電阻 4.77 kΩ·sq，同時陰極系統可獲致最高Rh B染劑降解率77.58 %；相較於SS316L電極，陰極系統Rh B降解率提升約1.4倍。

綜上，還原氧化石墨烯複合二硫化鉬可有效改善塗層之均勻性及增加材料穩定性，藉此產生較高之反應活性點促進電催化反應，此結果可提供高級氧化處理電極材料揀選之參考。

Understanding Fever and Body Temperature: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach to Clinical Practice

為了解決Kelvin temperature的問題，作者 這樣論述：

​Table of Contents.About the Authors.Foreword.Acknowledgements.Chapter 1: Introduction to Understanding Fever and Body Temperature.Chapter 2: History of Body Temperature.Ancient times-An Imbalance in Bodily FluidsSeventeenth Century-Accumulations of Waste Products and FermentationEighteenth Centu

ry-Thermoregulation and the Natural Phases of FeverNineteenth Century-Medical Thermometers and ＂Fever Hospitals＂Twentieth Century-A Scientific Approach to Fever, Microorganisms, and ThermoregulationTwenty-First Century-Interventions in Fever-Has Anything Changed?HypothermiaReflectionsReferencesChapt

er 3: History of the Thermometer.ThermoscopyThe ThermometerThe Fahrenheit ScaleThe Centigrade ScaleThe Kelvin ScaleThermocouplesTympanic Membrane RadiometryClinical ThermometryThe Clinical ThermometerNon-Contact Temperature MeasurementReflectionsReferencesChapter 4: Technical Accuracy.CalibrationTra

ceability, Accreditation, ITS-90 and StandardsClinical ThermometersGeneral Principles of OperationOther Factors Affecting MeasurementTypes of ThermometersReflectionsReferencesChapter 5: Thermoregulation of the Human Body.Heat Production and Heat LossHeat TransferRadiationConductionConvectionEvaporat

ionPhysiology of ThermoregulationThermoreceptorsSet Point or Thermoeffector Threshold ZoneHow to Maintain Normal Body TemperatureCardio Vascular SystemSudomotor ControlMetabolismFactors Affecting Body TemperatureAge and Gender DifferencesAlterations in Body Temperature-Hyperthermia and HypothermiaRe

flectionsGeneral ReferencesSpecific ReferencesChapter 6: Physiological and Immunological Activity.Physiological and Immunological Function of the Immune SystemInflammatory Activity Within InfectionsCells of the Immune SystemCells in the Innate Immune SystemCells in the Adaptive Immune SystemImmunogl

obulinsCytokinesPro-Inflammatory CytokinesCytonkines as REgulatros of Lymphocyte Activation, Growth, and DifferentiationAnti-Inflammatory CytokinesCytokines with Both Pro-Inflammation and Anti-Inflammation ActivityImmunological Activity During PregnancyThe Competent SystemAcute Phase ProteinsPyrogen

ic ActivityFever PhasesReflectionsGeneral ReferencesSpecific ReferencesChapter 7: Assessment and Evaluation of Body Temperature.Normal Body TemperatureDifferences Between IndividualsGenderAgeDifferences within Individuals-Temperature Gradients Within the BodyMeasurement of Body TemperatureSite of Me

asurement The Rectal Site The Oral Site The Auxillary Site The Ear Site The Temporal Artery Site (Forehead)ReflectionsReferencesChapter 8: Physiological and Inflammatory Activity in Various Conditions.HypersensitivityAutoimmune DiseasesAutoinflammatory DiseasesImmunodeficiencyMalignanciesMetabolic a

nd Endocrine DisorderDiabetesAtherosclerosis

黑潮流域海底山之克赫波(Kelvin-Helmholtz billows)對海洋上層生態系統的影響

為了解決Kelvin temperature的問題，作者桂思緹 這樣論述：

克赫波可以驅動流經貧營養鹽黑潮在海底山周邊小尺度的海水混合。本研究目標主要探討不同之克赫波强度(或大小)，包括「間歇小型」的小波狀況(small billow case; SBC)與「穩定大型」的大波狀况(large billow case; LBC)之克赫波對本海域硝酸鹽垂直通量的影響，並進一步瞭解其在海底山周遭生態系，不同環境條件下對超微型浮游生物及浮游動物組成之影響(第一章)。克赫波所造成之亂流動能耗散率 (turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate; ε = O (10-7–10-6) W kg-1) 及渦流擴散率 (eddy diffusiv

ities; Kρ = O (10-4–10-3) m2 s-1) 明顯高於無克赫波(時)，利用在此波內 Kρ 所估算之平均硝酸鹽通量最大值為 10.0 mmol m-2 day-1，此值遠高於黑潮流域之平均值(第二章)；在較淺層形成的克赫波所攜入的硝酸鹽通量，將豐富次表層海域的無機營養鹽濃度；而靠近海底山頂較深的克赫波，則將會更有效率的從更深層水體中垂直向上傳輸豐富的硝酸鹽。另一方面，海底山周遭海域的超微浮游生物主要以異營性細菌為主(>50%; 第三章)；然而，由於聚球藻生物量的增加，在海底山測站超微浮游生物的結果顯示出與近岸海域相似的生物碳量；此結果建議在貧營養鹽水體的黑潮流域，其海底山及

其周圍海域有類似沿岸海域海水的特性。另外，在冬季航次時黑潮有較強勁流速，其浮游動物生物量(SKC; 104.5 ml 100m-3)較夏季航次黑潮流速較弱時(WKC; 33.7 ml 100m-3)高出60%以上，但此差異可能主要是受到季節性的影響所致(第四章)；另外，由浮游動物豐度的分布結果，顯示出海底山地形所形成的「阻塞效應」(blocking effect)，會將它們聚集在海底山周遭與其側翼；然而，較強的黑潮海流時(例如SKC)可消除阻塞效應，並將浮游生物快速帶往下游。而在海底山周遭亦觀測到仔稚魚個體早期發育階段，顯見海底山有利於作為魚類產卵和繁殖的棲地。整體而言，本研究顯示黑潮流域海底

山之克赫波，對海底山生態系统之養分循環與垂直混和，對此海域的生產力與下游能量具有重要貢獻，並顯示海底山在貧養鹽黑潮海域扮演生命綠洲的角色。