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Environmental, Physiological and Chemical Controls of Adventitious Rooting in Cuttings

為了解決Vegetative growth的問題，作者 這樣論述：

The goal of this book is to provide a review, as thorough and up-to-date as possible, of the state-of-the-art of the environmental, physiological and chemical controls of adventitious rooting in cuttings obtained from plants. In plants, adventitious roots, which are highly useful for vegetative prop

agation (or clonal propagation) are produced mainly from leaves, hypocotyls, stems or shoots. Vegetative propagation may occur naturally by making use of propagules such as roots, underground and aerial stems, leaves, buds and bulbils. It may also be done artificially through regenerative organs (rh

izomes, bulbs, and corms) and by utilizing specialized methods, like cutting, grafting and layering. The technique of stem cuttings has long been used as an effective and economical method/measure of clonal propagation of uniform and pathogen-free plants of elite genotypes/germplasms. This is partic

ularly true for various species of horticultural and forestry value. The technique is of special importance for plants producing seeds that are highly recalcitrant and have a very low germination percentage. Quite often, both in vitro and in vivo clonal propagations are carried out using different t

ypes of explants. For in vitro clonal propagation usually axillary buds in the nodal segments are used, while various types of stem cuttings are chosen for in vivo propagation. Adventitious root formation in cuttings is a crucial physiological process for clonal propagation of many plant species. Ov

erall, a plethora of factors affect the adventitious rooting of cuttings, adding to the complexity of the phenomenon. The main factors which control adventitious root formation are types of cuttings, presence of leaf area on cuttings, types of hormones and their concentration, duration of hormonal t

reatment (quick dip, long soak, dry dip, spray dip, or total immerse method), maturation (juvenile or mature), genotype, explant position (basal, middle or apical cuttings), irradiance, temperature, water availability, season, mineral nutrition, rooting conditions, and/or proliferation medium. The i

dentification and the use of correct combination and/or hormonal or auxin treatments have improved the rooting potential even in hard-to-root species. It has been noticed that in spite of a thorough control of environmental factors in the modern propagation industry, high economic losses still occur

because of insufficient rooting. Therefore, understanding of each aspect associated with the adventitious root formation in cuttings is important and remains a fertile discipline for research. Pretreatment of cuttings with auxins such as indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-butyric acid and a-naphthalene

acetic acid causes metabolic changes during the adventitious root formation, which consists of three successive but independent phases, namely induction, initiation, and expression. The induction phase comprises of molecular and biochemical events without visible changes, the initiation phase is ch

aracterized by cell divisions and root primordia organization, and the expression phase denotes the intra-stem growth of root primordia and the emergence of roots. Since rooting is a high-energy-demanding process, rooting ability of cuttings has been frequently discussed in relation to soluble and s

torage carbohydrate contents. Availability of energy sources as well as supply of nitrogen and amino-acid affects the pace and intensity of adventitious root formation. Furthermore, significant alterations in enzyme activities and metabolite accumulation observed in plant cuttings suggest that the a

ctivity of specific enzymes and metabolites governs the adventitious root formation. For instance, oxidative enzymes, widely distributed in higher plants, have special significance during the rooting. In many studies, changes in the pattern of oxidative enzymes such as peroxidase, indole acetic acid

oxidase, etc, have been taken as the biochemical markers for the successive rooting phases. Further, cutting-edge tools of genome and proteome analysis have been used to understand molecular regulations, gene actions, and cellular processes involved in adventitious root formation. Several candidate

genes have been identified to provoke the induction, initiation, and maintenance of adventitious root primordia-associated signaling cascading network. Considering these crucial points, it becomes essential to understand the underlying factors and their interactions during the formation of adventit

ious roots in cuttings. Given the above, effort has been made in the present book to cover a wide range of topics, as mentioned above, and discuss the environmental, physiological, and chemical controls of adventitious rooting in cuttings. The authors have crafted each chapter with immense clarity,

reviewing up-to-date literature and presenting lucid illustrations.

Vegetative growth進入發燒排行的影片

水稻耐旱性狀的分子圖譜定位

為了解決Vegetative growth的問題，作者王春文 這樣論述：

乾旱是一種非生物性逆境因子，會影響作物的生長與發育，進而造成產量上的損失。本研究的主題是針對AFLP和SSR標誌分子與耐旱及相關性狀的聯結關係進行探討。本實驗有二個族群各為含有121 F2品系及63雙單倍體品系來自於台南13號及山美所雜交延生的後代。依據結果顯示，與耐旱性狀連鎖的189數量性狀基因座在二個不同環境所栽植的二個族群中被偵測到。同時在二個族群裡，葉捲性狀與一些數量性狀基因座有極高的效應關係：在F2族群中，位於第九條染色體的RM23916與qLRcr9.2有18.80%的效應；在DH族群裡，位於第一條染色體的RM5310與qLRcr1.4有38.41%的效應。於溫室栽植的水稻，顯示

葉捲及葉乾的表現與乾旱回復能力和稻穗稔實性有正相關。葉片起始捲曲的能力表現與高產因子亦有極密切正關聯性。本研究的數量性狀基因座的圖譜定位結果可用於標誌分子輔助篩選有助於未來水稻之耐旱性狀改善來增進產量。

Vegetative Growth of Elberta and Redhaven Peach Trees as Influenced by Soil Moisture Variations

為了解決Vegetative growth的問題，作者Hadle, Fred Benton 這樣論述：

LED光質和溫室披覆材料對萵苣生長之影響

為了解決Vegetative growth的問題，作者蔡竣宇 這樣論述：

萵苣（Lactuca sativa L.）屬菊科一年生草本植物，品種多，生長型態和特徵亦不同，葉色一般可分為深紅色、紅色和綠色三種。本研究首先探討紅光（R）、藍光（B）、綠光（G）和黃光（Y）四種不同光質LED（Light-emitting diode, LED），以120 µmole‧m-2‧s-1光強度及1000 ppm二氧化碳濃度，探討對綠葉波士頓萵苣（Boston lettuce）和紅葉紫艷萵苣（Ziyan Lettuces）兩種品種之生長和光合作用效率之影響。試驗15天後，兩種萵苣葉片外觀型態些微不同外，波斯頓萵苣生長量以綠光處理最高；紫艷萵苣生長量以紅光和綠光處理較高，藍光可促進

轉色。以20、40、60、80、100及120 µmole‧m-2‧s-1六種不同光強度與400、600、800、1000、1200及1400ppm 六種二氧化碳濃度下，於四種不同光質下之兩種萵苣的光合作用效率，波斯頓萵苣於光強度為100及120 µmole‧m-2‧s-1且二氧化碳濃度為1200及1400 ppm時，綠光有最高光合作用效率；紫艷萵苣於光強度120 µmole‧m-2‧s-1且二氧化碳濃度為1000ppm以上時，則以紅光有最高光合作用效率。三種光質不同比例混合之結果，波斯頓萵苣以紅藍綠混光RBG（R 32% + B 48 % + G 20 %）和紫艷萵苣以紅藍黃混光RBY（R

36% + B 54 % + Y 10 %）有最高的光合作用效率；植株生長量、葉片型態、硝酸鹽含量和電功率消耗，波斯頓萵苣於紅藍綠（RBG）混光處理，葉片型態較緊密，且呈色較深，雖生長量較綠光（G）和白光（W）低，但硝酸鹽含量且電功率消耗較低；紫艷萵苣於紅藍黃（RBY）混光，葉片呈色較深，生長量與紅光（R）比較並無顯著差異，但硝酸鹽含量且電功率消耗較低，兩種品種萵苣皆適用於消費者利用。以不同化學成分及配方比例，分別製成G4、G4+5%LDPE和G4+10%LDPE等三種披覆膜，結果於可見光波段透光率和拉伸強度以G4+5%LDPE較高，拉伸延展性和溫室降溫效果則以G4+10%LDPE較高，作物生

長量，波斯頓萵苣以G4披覆膜，紫艷萵苣以G4+5%LDPE最高，顯示兩種萵苣栽培適合之披覆膜並不相同。未來於植物工廠內可選用適宜的光照模式，以及適合化學材料所開發之披覆膜，改善溫室內適合作物生長之微氣候，以提高作物產量並讓消費者在食品安全上有更好的保障。