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Environmental, Physiological and Chemical Controls of Adventitious Rooting in Cuttings

為了解決Vegetative state的問題，作者 這樣論述：

The goal of this book is to provide a review, as thorough and up-to-date as possible, of the state-of-the-art of the environmental, physiological and chemical controls of adventitious rooting in cuttings obtained from plants. In plants, adventitious roots, which are highly useful for vegetative prop

agation (or clonal propagation) are produced mainly from leaves, hypocotyls, stems or shoots. Vegetative propagation may occur naturally by making use of propagules such as roots, underground and aerial stems, leaves, buds and bulbils. It may also be done artificially through regenerative organs (rh

izomes, bulbs, and corms) and by utilizing specialized methods, like cutting, grafting and layering. The technique of stem cuttings has long been used as an effective and economical method/measure of clonal propagation of uniform and pathogen-free plants of elite genotypes/germplasms. This is partic

ularly true for various species of horticultural and forestry value. The technique is of special importance for plants producing seeds that are highly recalcitrant and have a very low germination percentage. Quite often, both in vitro and in vivo clonal propagations are carried out using different t

ypes of explants. For in vitro clonal propagation usually axillary buds in the nodal segments are used, while various types of stem cuttings are chosen for in vivo propagation. Adventitious root formation in cuttings is a crucial physiological process for clonal propagation of many plant species. Ov

erall, a plethora of factors affect the adventitious rooting of cuttings, adding to the complexity of the phenomenon. The main factors which control adventitious root formation are types of cuttings, presence of leaf area on cuttings, types of hormones and their concentration, duration of hormonal t

reatment (quick dip, long soak, dry dip, spray dip, or total immerse method), maturation (juvenile or mature), genotype, explant position (basal, middle or apical cuttings), irradiance, temperature, water availability, season, mineral nutrition, rooting conditions, and/or proliferation medium. The i

dentification and the use of correct combination and/or hormonal or auxin treatments have improved the rooting potential even in hard-to-root species. It has been noticed that in spite of a thorough control of environmental factors in the modern propagation industry, high economic losses still occur

because of insufficient rooting. Therefore, understanding of each aspect associated with the adventitious root formation in cuttings is important and remains a fertile discipline for research. Pretreatment of cuttings with auxins such as indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-butyric acid and a-naphthalene

acetic acid causes metabolic changes during the adventitious root formation, which consists of three successive but independent phases, namely induction, initiation, and expression. The induction phase comprises of molecular and biochemical events without visible changes, the initiation phase is ch

aracterized by cell divisions and root primordia organization, and the expression phase denotes the intra-stem growth of root primordia and the emergence of roots. Since rooting is a high-energy-demanding process, rooting ability of cuttings has been frequently discussed in relation to soluble and s

torage carbohydrate contents. Availability of energy sources as well as supply of nitrogen and amino-acid affects the pace and intensity of adventitious root formation. Furthermore, significant alterations in enzyme activities and metabolite accumulation observed in plant cuttings suggest that the a

ctivity of specific enzymes and metabolites governs the adventitious root formation. For instance, oxidative enzymes, widely distributed in higher plants, have special significance during the rooting. In many studies, changes in the pattern of oxidative enzymes such as peroxidase, indole acetic acid

oxidase, etc, have been taken as the biochemical markers for the successive rooting phases. Further, cutting-edge tools of genome and proteome analysis have been used to understand molecular regulations, gene actions, and cellular processes involved in adventitious root formation. Several candidate

genes have been identified to provoke the induction, initiation, and maintenance of adventitious root primordia-associated signaling cascading network. Considering these crucial points, it becomes essential to understand the underlying factors and their interactions during the formation of adventit

ious roots in cuttings. Given the above, effort has been made in the present book to cover a wide range of topics, as mentioned above, and discuss the environmental, physiological, and chemical controls of adventitious rooting in cuttings. The authors have crafted each chapter with immense clarity,

reviewing up-to-date literature and presenting lucid illustrations.

Contemporary European Perspectives on the Ethics of End of Life Care

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Nathan Emmerich is a Research Fellow in Bioethics in the Australian National University’s Medical School. He was previously a Postdoctoral Research Fellow in Ethics and End of Life Care at the Institute of Ethics, Dublin City University, and a Visiting Research Fellow at Queen’s University Belfast.

He has a background in Philosophy and took his PhD, which concerned the connection between the informal moral socialisation of medical students and their formal medical ethics education, under the supervision of medical sociologist. His work is interdisciplinary in nature and he has published on eth

ical expertise, social science research ethics and in bioethics more generally. He tweets at @BioethicsAUS. Pierre Mallia is Professor of Family Medicine and Biomedical Ethics at the University of Malta. He is attached to Malta’s Geriatric Karen GrechHospital as a Clinical Ethicist and has published

numerous papers and publications in Ethics, including on ethical issues with regard to aging. He is Chairman of the Dept. of Health’s Health Ethics Committee, and the Minister of Health’s Bioethics Consultative Committee. He is also the Ethics Advisor to the Medical Council of Malta and coordinates

the University of Malta’s Bioethics Research Programme at the Medical School and was former Hon. Secretary to the National Bioethics Consultative Committee and founded and coordinates the Medical Law Unit in the Faculty of Laws. He is the President of the Malta College of Family Doctors and was awa

rded a Fellowship of the Royal College of General Practitioners (UK) for successfully introducing post graduate training and the MRCGP (INT) qualification in Malta. The Royal College of Physicians of London has also awarded him an honorary membership for advancing medicine in Malta.Professor Mallia

is a visiting Professor at the Laennec University of Lyon and regularly visits the Dept. of Health Sciences at the University of Maastricht and the Istituto Universitario di Sophia (Florence, Italy) with which he is collaborating to promote a theory of dialogue in bioethics. He has been invited by U

NESCO to describe his method of teaching and chosen as the ’regional bioethics expert’ in the Mediterranean. He is frequently invited as a keynote speaker in international meetings.He has participated in several FP projects including Euroscreen, Privireal, Privileged, BioTEthed, Patient-Partner, EUP

ATI and others and has been invited by the EC to give talks in Bratislava and Bucharest. He also lectured at the United Nations Institute on Aging (INIA) in their diploma in Gerontology.Bert Gordijn is Professor and Director of the Institute of Ethics at Dublin City University in Ireland. He has stu

died Philosophy and History in Utrecht, Strasbourg and Freiburg in Breisgau. In 1995 he was awarded a doctorate in Philosophy from the Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, followed by a doctorate in Bioethics from the Radboud University Nijmegen in 2003. Bert has been a Visiting Professor at Lancast

er University (UK), Georgetown University (USA), the National University of Singapore, the Fondation Brocher (Switzerland), and Yenepoya University (Mangalore, Karnataka, India). He has served on Advisory Panels and Expert Committees of the European Chemical Industry Council, the European Patent Org

anisation, the Irish Department of Health and UNESCO. Bert is Editor-in-Chief of two book series: ＂The International Library of Ethics, Law and Technology＂ and ＂Advances in Global Bioethics＂ as well as a peer reviewed journal: ＂Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy＂, all published by Springer. He is

Secretary of the European Society for Philosophy of Medicine and Healthcare and President of the International Association of Education in Ethics.Francesca Pistoia is Associate Professor of Neurology at the University of L’Aquila. She completed her degree summa cum laude in medicine and surgery, and

thereafter specialized in neurology summa cum laude, at the University of L’Aquila. She earned a PhD in Internal Medicine and Applied Immunology at the same University. She has contributed to 95 papers (83 in peer-reviewed international journals and 12 in Italian journals). She has presented her re

search at national and international congresses (resulting in 71 abstracts and communications). Her research is mainly focused on the topic of diagnosis, prognosis and rehabilitation of patients with severe brain injury with the aim of implementing validated assessment tools to identify physical, co

gnitive and behavioural disabilities and quantify rehabilitation-related outcomes. Research topics include: the evaluation of patients with disorders of consciousness (vegetative state and minimally conscious state) as a consequence of severe brain injury: her studies in this area have been aimed at

evaluating the neurobiological and behavioral factors, which may influence the recovery of consciousness, and the implementation of new therapeutical approaches; the identification of disorders of motor imagery and the perception of emotions in patients with locked-in syndrome. She also contributed

to research addressing the epidemiology of cerebrovascular diseases and of Parkinson’s disease in population-based registries, and the role of comorbidities in headache pathogenesis and of behavioral therapies in patients with chronic headache. She serves as a member of the Ethical Committee of the

University of L’Aquila.

因應集水區水文特性之雨洪源頭管理措施政策探討-以桃園地區排洪及下水道建設為例

為了解決Vegetative state的問題，作者邱鵬豪 這樣論述：

近年來歐美等先進國家盛行以源頭管理方式管理都市逕流，我國也參考國外作法修訂相關法規，本研究嘗試以等時線理論發展出概念模式進行探討，將建築基地的水文特性簡化為概念模式的基本單元，其表現逕流的產生、蓄留與滯留等現象，按等時線理論將其劃分為不同等時區，等時區產生的逕流依等時線理論匯集，概念模式中包含雨水下水道與LID設施的經費估算系統，以比較二者經費差異。本研究發現時間面積圖（TAD圖）中，洪峰出現時間約等於面積最大的等時區集流時間加上降雨峰值出現時間，因集水區特性，部分情況洪峰時間必須微幅修正一差值，修正差值與TAD分布及降雨分布有關。此外當LID蓄留設施達滿水位時，設施失去功能，集水區施做LI

D的歷線會與原始歷線重合，由重合條件與原始洪峰時間相比，可以歸納出蓄留設施消減洪峰之條件；採用滯留設施時，需較蓄留的條件增加設施呈現溢流狀態的時間進行比較；短延時的降雨條件，蓄留消減的效果優於滯留，當延時增加或是降雨強度增加時，滯留的消減效果優於蓄留。在分區設置LID蓄留與滯留設施時，上游區域未施做LID的等時區，無法達到與全區施做相同結果，下游一定區域未施做時，仍可以達到與全區施做相同的效果；部分設置LID遭遇不同降雨時，全區施做與部分設置的結果相同。集流時間較長的流域，所需雨水下水道建設經費較多；對於LID設施體積相對於降雨體積較小的配置，無法達到節省經費之結果；部分區域設置LID可以減少

LID的建設經費，但是是否低於未實施LID政策的結果，仍須視個案而定。在以中路重劃區為案例分析時，驗證洪峰時間的理論、以及蓄留後歷線與原始歷線在一定時間後重合的特性，而採用蓄留設施，設施體積與降雨體積比在0.45以上者，不會淹水，在0.3～0.45時，會因為不同條件有淹水及不淹水的情況，若低於0.3時，皆會淹水；案例中下游區域取消LID蓄留設施仍可以達到與全區實施LID蓄留相同的洪峰消減效果，而滯留的效果不佳。本研究藉由水文理論探討逕流在流域的物理現象，達到評估設施量體、找出關鍵配置區域目的。