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Photothermal effects of irradiated upconversion nanoparticles on the fat droplets in 3T3 cells

為了解決flow - colors ptt的問題，作者鄭穎琳 這樣論述：

Table of contentsAcknowledgements……iAbstract (Chinese)……iiiAbstract……ivMotivation……vList of figures……viiTable of contents……xviChapter 1: Nanostructured materials in Photothermal and Photodynamic therapy……11.1 Hyperthermia……1 1.1.1 Photothermal therapy basics……2 1.1.2 Photodynamic therapy basics……41

.2 Magnetic hyperthermia……61.3 Metal nanoparticles in PDT/PTT……71.4 Graphene nanoparticle in PDT/PTT……171.5 Semiconductor quantum dots in PDT/PTT……19Chapter 2: Introduction to upconversion nanoparticles and its application in PDT/PTT……222.1 Fluorescence……222.2 Fluorescent materials nanoparticles……24

2.2.1 Organic dye……25 2.2.2 Organic dye doped nanoparticles……26 2.2.3 Quantum dots……28 2.2.4 Core-shell QDs……30 2.2.5 Graphene quantum dots……312.3 Multiphoton absorption……33 2.3.1 Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs)……342.4 Synthesis of UCNPs……362.5 Biocompatibility of UCNPs……36 2.5.1 Hydrophilic pro

cessing……37 2.5.2 Surface functionalization……372.6 Biomedical application……38 2.6.1 Cell imaging……38 2.6.2 Tumor targeting……40 2.6.3 Photodynamic therapy (PDT)……42 2.6.4 Photothermal therapy (PTT)……43Chapter 3: Experimental Details……463.1 Synthesis of NaYF4: Yb3+, Er3+ nanoparticles……46 3.1.1 Materi

als……46 3.1.2 Synthesis of NaYF4: Yb, Er core nanoparticles……473.2 Synthesis of the SiO2 shell on the NaYF4: Yb3+, Er3+ nanoparticles……473.3 Transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM, SEM)……48 3.3.1 Sample preparation for cell TEM……493.4 Photothermal effect of UCNPs in butter……503.5 3T3 cel

l culture……513.6 Incubation of 3T3 cells with UCNPs……523.7 MTT and Elisa Reader……523.8 Oil Red O assay and Elisa Reader……533.9 Microscopy of Oil Red O and Hematoxylin stained 3T3 cells……543.10 Time lapse video of 3T3 cells with and without the internalized UCNPs under 980 nm laser irradiation……553.1

1 Time lapse video of 3T3 cells with and without the internalized UCNPs under external heating……57Chapter 4: Results and discussion I……594.1 Morphology of upconversion nanoparticles (core and core shell)……594.2 Photoluminescence emission (core and core shell)……614.3 Butter experiment……634.4 Conclusi

on……66Chapter 5: Results and discussion II……675.1 3T3 cell proliferation, and differentiation……675.2 Cytotoxicity of UCNPs towards 3T3 cells with/without IR irradiation……695.3 The bioTEM of 3T3 cells incubated with UCNPs (core shell)……745.4 Inverted Microscopy Imaging of the 3T3 cells with and witho

ut nuclear stainingin presence and absence of UCNP, and 980 nm irradiation……755.5 ELISA-ORO assay of the 3T3 cells in presence and absence of UCNP, and 980 nm irradiation……885.6 Videography of the 980 nm irradiated 3T3 cells without and with the UCNPs……915.7 Conclusion……97Chapter 6: Summary and futu

re direction……99References……102List of figureFigure 1.1 Overview of the triggered release of nucleic acids inside cells. Enz-TGR: Enzyme-triggered gene release, L-TGR: Light-triggered gene release, US-TGR: Ultrasound-triggered gene release, and M-TGR: Magnetic-triggered gene release. Reprinted from

ref [6]....2Figure 1.2 Schematic diagram of the variety of effects caused by the different thermal treatments as classified by the corresponding operating temperature. Reprinted from ref [7]....3Figure 1.3 Mechanism of PDT cytototoxicity: PS administration (step I) following the photophysical reacti

ons represented by modified Jablonski diagram (step II) (vibrational levels omitted). Reprinted from ref [12]....5Figure 1.4 Schematic illustration of the therapeutic strategy using magnetic nanoparticles, and an external magnetic field. Reprinted from ref [19]....6Figure 1.5 Schematic illustration

of surface plasmons in irradiated metal nanoparticles. E, H, and K denote the direction of electric field, magnetic field, and propagation vector, respectively. +sign denotes positive ion cores, and e- denotes electrons....8Figure 1.6 Normalized, to maximum, extinction coefficients of three aqueous

solutions of spherical gold nanoparticles with diameters of 22, 48, and 99 nm. Reprinted from ref [7]....9Figure 1.7 Modes of photosensitizer binding by gold nanoparticle transporters. Reprinted from ref [33]....11Figure 1.8 Schematic diagram of the GNR-AlPcS4 complex for NIR fluorescence imaging, a

nd tumor phototherapy. Reprinted from ref [36]....13Figure 1.9 (a) Infrared thermal images of tumor-bearing mice with PBS, and Pd-HS-PEG injection under 0.4 W/cm2 808 nm laser irradiation. (b) Relatively tumor volume of different groups. (c) Photographs of the Pd-HS-PEG nanoparticles, and PBS treate

d mice taken before, and 9 days after laser irradiation. Reprinted from ref [41]....15Figure 1.10 Schematic Illustration of the Preparation Procedure, and Function Mechanism of ICG-Ag@PANI Theranostic Nanocomposites for Photoacoustic/Fluorescence Imaging-Guided Photothermal, and Photodynamic Therapy

. Reprinted from ref [44]....17Figure 1.11 In vivo PA imaging of ICG-PDA-rGO. (a) Schematic illustration of i.t. injected of ICG-PDA-rGO. (b) In vivo PA imaging of tumor treated with PBS, GO, PDA-rGO, and ICG-PDA-rGO. (C) Statistics of mean PA intensity of the samples measured from in vivo PA imagin

g. Error bars were taken from three parallel experiments. (*) p

PP和PP玻璃纖維之微細發泡對共射產品品質之影響

為了解決flow - colors ptt的問題，作者吳修義 這樣論述：

本研究將微細發泡射出成型結合共射出成型，形成新式微細發泡共射出成型。此技術利用共射出之外層，能完全包覆微細發泡成型較差的表面品質，但仍同時擁有微細發泡成型製程之優點，包含因共射增厚的實心外層改善了微細發泡成型產品的拉伸特性和鋼性。實驗中所採用的材料為PP和PP添加10wt%玻璃纖維，其中PP已在各大產業廣泛應用，如汽車工業。此新技術既能減少PP產品的重量，增強其韌性，又能同時保有原鋼性，其添加之玻璃纖維則能提升產品的拉伸和彎曲強度。研究中，利用不同的材料組合(共10種)分別作傳統射出成型、微細發泡成型、共射出成型與微細發泡共射出成型，針對產品的物理性質、表面品質和拉伸特性進行比較，結果顯示P

P/PP-GF之微細發泡共射出成型為最佳化選擇。然而出乎意料地，PP-GF的強度約低於PP 20.8%，從材料的溶膠流動指數(Melt Flow Index, MFI)可發現，前者高於後者42.4%，證實在初期混料時強度就已有衰減的情形。整體而言，PP/PP-GF之微細發泡共射出成型的產品重量(5.5082g)相對於同材料之共射出者減少4.2%，且相較於PP-GF之MuCell者，其外觀面的表面光澤度提升46.7%，高達60.9GU，而降伏強度和楊式係數則分別改善18.2%和2.5%，但其應變僅有0.084。另外在平均厚度均勻性上，微細發泡共射出產品相對於共射出成型、傳統射出成型和微細發泡成型

者，分別大幅提升了61.0%，55.7%，和18.8%。雖然微細發泡共射出已成功提升了產品性能，但目前在實驗上仍有銀紋的問題，因此未來可針對如何提高孔隙的大小和分佈來改善表面缺陷作進一步之探討。